This guide is intended to provide you with essential fact checking skills to help you determine the credibility and trustworthiness of information posted on the web. These skills are vital when performing web-based research and participating in a digital space.
Chances are someone has already done research or has “fact-checked” information published on the Internet. Thus, your first move should be to look around to see what previous research or fact- checking has already been done. These resources can include news coverage, reputable online sites (such as information from a government or educational website), or a fact-checking site such as Politifact or Snopes. Wikipedia can also be a great place to start as well.
It’s important to keep in mind that most of the content found on the web is not original. So, you will need to go “upstream” to the original source of the information to determine its trustworthiness. This can involve checking for embedded web links on a page or searching for the original information. For example, if the claim is an event that took place, try and find the news outlet where it was first reported; or if the claim is research based, try and find the journal in which it appeared.
Once you have located the original source you may find that you still have questions about its trustworthiness. If this happens you will want to “read laterally” across other trustworthy sites to see what others have said about the author or publisher of the information. Remember, the truth is in the network.
Sometimes reading laterally will lead to a dead end or an increasingly confusing rabbit hole. If this happens circle back and start the process over again. Armed with the information you now know, you can begin your search with different search terms and a new search strategy.
If the information you are reading gives you a strong emotional reaction, such as anger, frustration or validation take a step back and think about why this is. Sometimes controversial subjects or language can diminish our critical thinking and hamper our ability to fact-check. When this happens remember to slow down and use your moves.
Adapted from the book “Web Literacy for Student Fact-checkers,” By Michael A. Caulfield. Caulfield, M.A. (2017). Web Literacy for Student Fact-checkers. Retrieved from https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/
Let's face it — there's a lot of information out there. It can be difficult to determine how to evaluate and appropriately use information.
When evaluating a resource, consider the assumptions of the author:
Let's look at an example. You are interested in writing a paper on the growing popularity of vegetarianism and its impact on the agricultural industry.
To make the process of evaluating authors' assumptions easier, please refer to this example of the kind of publications that might be helpful for this topic.
| Publication Cover |  |
 |
 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Publication Title | Vegetarian Times | International Journal of Vegetable Science | American Vegetable Grower |
| Publication Type | Popular Magazine | Scientific Journal | Trade Publication |
| Audience | General audience; author does not presume previous exposure to the topic | Technical audience; author assumes extensive background and expertise in the area of agricultural science | Farmers and growers; author assumes that audience will be interested in improving techniques, yields, and profits |
| Scholarly/ Peer-Reviewed |
No; no bibliographies | Yes; will have bibliographies | No; may or may not have bibliographies |
| Author's Credentials | Journalist | Researcher or expert in the field | Someone in the field (practitioner) |